By Centre for Health and Social Justice
(CHSJ)
and National Alliance for Maternal Health and Human Rights (NAMHHR)
and National Alliance for Maternal Health and Human Rights (NAMHHR)
To
strengthen the maternal health services in the country government has taken
various steps such as fix day services, care to pregnant women identified with
some kind of risks, cash incentives and free transport facility for childbirth
in the health facility, mandatory stay for 48 hours at the institution etc.
Centre for Health and
Social Justice (CHSJ) and National Alliance for Maternal Health and Human
Rights (NAMHHR) in collaboration with state networks in five states [Health
Watch Forum in Bihar, Jharkhand Women's Health Network, Dalit Human Rights
Forum-Karnataka (KR), Maternal Health Rights Campaign, Madhya Pradesh (MP), Health
Watch Forum- Uttar Pradesh(UP)] carried out community based monitoring (CBM) of
maternal health services in 2019. The
CBM tools were developed based on the health services entitlements promised
under the programs and as per the Indian Public Health Standards. Real time
data was collected using mobile application namely 'Swasthya Darpan'. Women who
had childbirth in last six months were interviewed for their childbirth
experience; Village level fixed day
services and Primary Health institutions were observed for the status of
maternal health services. Please see following table for the details:
State
|
No.
of Districts
|
No
of Villages
|
No
of women
|
No
of CHC
|
No
of PHC
|
No
of SC
|
No
of VHND
|
Bihar
|
5
|
58
|
233
|
14
|
17
|
52
|
45
|
JH
|
5
|
46
|
201
|
15
|
15
|
16
|
44
|
KR
|
7
|
93
|
213
|
10
|
24
|
54
|
85
|
MP
|
7
|
111
|
237
|
20
|
25
|
46
|
47
|
UP
|
10
|
52
|
234
|
16
|
16
|
23
|
50
|
Total
|
34
|
360
|
1118
|
75
|
97
|
191
|
271
|
Village Health Sanitation
and Nutrition Days (VHSND)
VHSND, a monthly designated day in the village for
carrying out various health related activities among which one of them is
providing maternal health services to pregnant and lactating women. It is
envisaged to be an inclusive and comprehensive space for catering to pregnant
women’s care by administering a range of services. A VHSND is successful when
it fulfils its objectives to ensure that women are given timely services with
utmost care. However in the current scenario the story is otherwise. The CBM
activity looked into three aspects of the VHSND namely human resource,
infrastructure and services administered. Each of these categories had a range
of relevant components that needed to be available for better functioning in
the given domains. Each of the observed components then weregiven a score of 1
if available or as required by IPHS standards and 0 if not available. The
scores were then converted into scores cards in the specific domains. The
status of the VHSND in the various states is as follows:
Table 1: Score percentages of the available components at the VHSND
[≤50 score %= Poor(Red); >50 and ≤80 score %= Satisfactory (Yellow); >80 score % = Good (Green)]
|
|||
State
|
Human
Resource (%)
|
Infrastructure
(%)
|
Services
(%)
|
Bihar
|
56.8
|
31.1
|
52.3
|
JH
|
61
|
41.5
|
43.5
|
KR
|
51
|
35.8
|
47.9
|
MP
|
87.5
|
53.1
|
48.6
|
UP
|
97.2
|
54.9
|
59.9
|
Total
|
68.9
|
42.8
|
50.1
|
- From the data collected, we see that the VHSNDs are still not functioning in the way as desired.
- In the states of Bihar, Jharkhand and Karnataka, the availability of the Human Resource (ANM) status is only satisfactory as many of the ANMs are not present throughout entire day.
- Across all the states, it is evident that even though the ANM is present in person, the status of the infrastructure and services is mostly in poor conditions.
- Most of the VHSNDs across the states have taken place without ensuring the minimum required infrastructure and services available.
- In Bihar services status was in the satisfactory category whereas infrastructure was highly poor with only 31% score percentage of the services present in the VHSND.
- IN Jharkhand and Karnataka both the services and the infrastructure in the VHSND were in the poor category.
- In MP, the human resource fared better, but infrastructure was only 51% score percentage and services worse with 48.6%.
- IN UP, human resource was adequately available with 97.2% score percentage, but services and infrastructure fell into the satisfactory category with both falling only slightly above 50% score percentage.
Ante Natal Care (ANC) Services
- Overall antenatal care services is
in very poor condition across the four districts
- Receipt of 1st ANC in
first trimester- Early registration leads to early care and prevention. Not all
women were registered in the first trimester. Around 30% were registered after
the 1st trimester.
- Minimum ANC check-up required is four for every woman, however, only 24.2% of the women had 4 or more ante natal checkups, 26% had 3 check ups and around 50% had only 2 or lesser check-ups. Except in Karnataka, where less than 50% women had a full four ante natal check-up. In Bihar and Jharkhand, the proportions are abysmally low with less than 10% women receiving 4 ANCs which defeats the whole purpose of reducing maternal morbidity and mortality.
Status of services provided during ANC:
Table 3: Proportion of women received ANC services
|
|||||
State
|
≥ 3 BP check up
|
≥ 3 Hb test
|
≥ 3 Urine test
|
≥ 3 Abdominal check
|
100 IFA tab
|
Bihar
|
10.3%
|
6.4%
|
5.6%
|
11.6%
|
87.1%
|
JH
|
16.4%
|
5.5%
|
5%
|
13.9%
|
71.6
|
KR
|
92%
|
88.2%
|
46.4%
|
81%
|
93%
|
MP
|
48.5%
|
42%
|
30.8%
|
30.9%
|
83.1%
|
UP
|
35.8%
|
38.8%
|
21.4%
|
37.2%
|
77.8%
|
Total
|
40.5%
|
36.2%
|
22.9%
|
34.8%
|
82.6%
|
- Across all the states, from among the ante natal tests and checkups, most of the women received Iron Folic Acid Tablets during the pregnancy period. Other tests were not received as per the minimum mandated standard. It jeopardizes the purpose of early detection of risks or to monitor the improvement in health of the pregnant woman.
- Across the 4 states, leaving Karnataka, less than 50% of the women received the mandated check-ups of blood pressure, haemoglobin, urine tests and abdominal examinations. In the states of Bihar and Jharkhand, the situation is very poor with less than 20% women receiving three or more check -ups.
As a result of consistent and multidimensional
approach of the government significant no. of births have happened in an
institution- around 69% in a government facility and around 14.2% in a private
facility. Of all the births taken place, around 15% took place at home; few
births took place while on the way to institution.
Experience in the Labour Room
Although govt. Encouraged women to come to the health
institution for the childbirth but still Privacy, respect and dignity for the
woman in child birth to get there yet seems to be a remote dream as seen in the
table below:
- A large proportion of women across the states reported having been touched inappropriately while in labour, in UP, MP and Bihar it was more than 50%.
- Except MP, in all the states, a small proportion of women were physically abused, verbally abused and passed undignified comments.
- Birth companions were not allowed in the labour room. In Bihar and UP, 40% of the women reported birth companion not allowed, In Jharkhand and Karnataka it was higher with 60.6% and 73.7% respectively.
- The influx of other people into the labour room was also common, mostly in Bihar, Karnataka and UP.
Table 4: Behaviour experienced by women in the labour room
|
||||||
State
|
Entry of other people
|
Companion not allowed
|
Physical Abuse
|
Verbal Abuse
|
Inappropriate
touch
|
Undignified comments
|
Bihar
|
25%
|
43.7%
|
2.9%
|
6.9%
|
50.6%
|
1.1%
|
JH
|
2.8%
|
60.6%
|
1.4%
|
3.5%
|
36.6%
|
3.5%
|
KR
|
14.8%
|
73.7%
|
1.4%
|
1.9%
|
23%
|
.5%
|
MP
|
4%
|
36.3%
|
0
|
0
|
59.7%
|
0
|
UP
|
32.5%
|
40.4%
|
2%
|
1%
|
57.1%
|
5%
|
Total
|
16.6%
|
50.7%
|
1.5%
|
2.5%
|
45.6%
|
1.1%
|
Out of pocket Expenses
- Of those who had institutional births (954), 88% had to shed money from their own pockets.
- Of those who had some out of pocket expense, around 22.3% spent more than Rs5000, 13.4% spent between Rs. 2001- Rs 5000, 63.4% spent Rs 2000 or lesser which raises question on free availability of childbirth services!
Ambulance Service
- Free ambulance service to go to the
institution was received only by 32 % of the women; while for for returning
home, lesser women, around 19.8% only received free ambulance.
Post Partum Care
A comprehensive maternal care is not complete without
providing care after the childbirth. Many women die post child birth or develop
some kind of complications. Even though health workers are supposed to make
regular visits to the woman’s house, we see that the situation is in an
unsatisfactory state.
- A huge proportion of 44% had just one or no visit by the health worker
- Around 49% had a health worker visit 2-4 times post delivery
- Only 6.9% of the women had a health worker visit 5 times or more after delivery
Receipt of the maternity schemes
Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY)
Table 3: JSY Scheme availed by women
|
||
State
|
Received
JSY
|
Paid
bribe to receive(n=those who received)
|
Bihar
|
33.8%
|
54.4%
|
JH
|
8.9%
|
22.2%
|
KR
|
26.8%
|
0
|
MP
|
46.2%
|
2.7%
|
UP
|
37.2%
|
24.1%
|
Total
|
31.3%
|
20.1%
|
- All eligible women did not receive the JSY fund. More than 50% of the women in Bihar had to pay bribe to avail the JSY scheme. IN JH, MP and UP, around 20% of the women had to pay a bribe to get the money.
Overall
situation throws challenges to address the grey areas like continuity of care,
quality ANC and PNC, Care with respect and dignity and free childbirth services
and timely receipt of the maternity entitlements promised under various schemes
and programs. To achieve the sustainable Development Goal (#3) it is important
to ensure the continuum of care and quality maternal health services.